Fage

Ƙimar sake zagayowar rayuwa (LCA) kayan aiki ne don auna yawan amfani da tushen makamashi da tasirin muhalli na samfur, fasahar samarwa. Kayan aiki zai auna daga tarin albarkatun kasa zuwa samarwa, jigilar kaya, amfani, da kuma ƙarshe zuwa zubar da ƙarshe. An kafa LCA tun 1970s.

l Society of Environmental Toxicology da Chemistry (SETAC) bayyana SETAC a matsayin hanya don tantance yadda samfurori, samarwa da kuma ayyuka tasiri a kan muhalli ta kimanta da albarkatun kasa amfani, makamashi amfani da sharar saki.

l A cikin 1997, ISO ta fitar da jerin ISO 14000, kuma ta ayyana LCA a matsayin tattarawa da kimanta abubuwan da ake samarwa, abubuwan da aka fitar da yuwuwar tasirin muhalli na tsarin samfur a duk tsawon rayuwar sa. Tasirin muhalli ya haɗa da amfani da albarkatu, lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. ISO 14040 yana ba da ma'anar babba da tsari, kuma ISO 14044 yana ayyana buƙatu da jagora.

Ƙimar LCA ta ƙunshi matakai 4:

1) manufa da iyaka. Wannan game da manufar bincike ne, iyakokin tsarin, wane nau'in da aka zaɓa don amfani da shi, da kuma buƙatun bayanai.

2) Binciken ƙididdiga. Wannan ya ƙunshi tattara bayanai da zubarwa.

3) Tasirin kimantawa. Wannan shine don nazarin abubuwan da ke tasiri yanayi.

4) Tafsiri. Wannan shine don kammala tantancewa da kuma nazarin sakamakon.

Manufar da iyaka

Manufar karatu

Manufar binciken shine farkon wurin LCA. Wannan shi ne don mafi kyawun kimanta aikin tsarin, kuma yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da yanayin yanayi na tsarin don neman takardar shedar kore.

Iyakokin tsarin

Ya kamata iyakokin tsarin su ƙunshi matakan zagayowar rayuwa masu zuwa da hanyoyin da suka dace (A ƙasa akwai iyakokin tsarin samfurin baturi)

Ana kiran wannan shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari. Cradle yana nufin farawa, wanda ke nufin samun albarkatun kasa. Kabari yana nufin ƙarshe, wanda ke nufin gogewa da sake amfani da su.

Ƙungiyar aiki

Naúrar aiki shine ma'aunin lissafi don shigarwa da fitarwa yayin zagayowar tsarin. A al'ada akwai nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu. Daya shine taro (raka'a: kg), ɗayan kuma makamashin lantarki (naúrar: kWh). Idan muka dauki makamashi a matsayin naúrar, to ana siffanta wannan makamashi a matsayin jimillar makamashin da tsarin baturi ke bayarwa a cikin tsarin rayuwarsa. Ana ƙididdige yawan kuzarin ta hanyar ninka lokutan zagayowar da kuzarin kowane zagayowar.

Ingancin bayanai

A cikin binciken LCA, ingancin tasirin bayanai akan sakamakon LCA. Don haka ya kamata mu ba da sanarwa da bayani ga bayanan da muka karɓa yayin binciken.

Ƙimar kaya

Inventory Cycle (LCI) shine tushen LCA. Muna buƙatar ƙididdige albarkatun da ake buƙata don rayuwar samfuran, amfani da makamashi, da fitarwa. Abubuwan albarkatu anan sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai, sarrafawa, siyar da samfuran, amfani, sufuri, ajiya, gogewa da sake yin fa'ida, gabaɗayan tsarin rayuwa. Makamashin ya hada da amfani da wutar lantarki, sunadarai da makamashin hasken rana. Fitarwa ya haɗa da gurɓata yanayi, zafi da radiation.

(1) Ƙaddamar da tsarin samfurin samfurin bisa ga iyakokin tsarin da aka ƙayyade a cikin manufa da iyaka.

(2) Tattara bayanan da suka dace, kamar abu a cikin kowace hanya, amfani da makamashi, sufuri, fitar da hayaki, da bayanan sama.

(3) Kididdige fitarwa bisa ga sashin aiki.

Tasirin Tasiri

Ana gudanar da kimanta tasirin tasirin rayuwa (LCIA) bisa nazarin ƙididdiga. LCIA ta haɗa da nau'ikan tasiri, siga, ƙirar ƙira, rarrabuwar sakamako, ƙididdige ma'aunin nau'in (halaye da daidaitawa).

Rukunin tantance tasirin tasirin LCA sun haɗa da:

• Albarkatun Abiotic suna amfani da yuwuwar ƙima da yuwuwar ƙimar amfani da mai. Yin amfani da albarkatun abiotic yana dacewa da gyaran ma'adinai a cikin shigar da tsarin. Naúrar shine kg Sb eq. Amfanin abiotic na man burbushin yana da alaƙa da ƙimar zafi. Naúrar ita ce MJ.
• Ƙimar dumamar yanayi. Ƙungiyar gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta ƙirƙiri siffa mai ƙima don ƙididdige abubuwan da aka keɓance. Abubuwan da aka kwatanta suna wakiltar yuwuwar dumamar yanayi na shekaru 100. Naúrar ita ce kg CO₂eq.
• Ozone sphere m darajar ragewa. Kungiyar ta Global Meteorological Organisation ce ta samar da wannan samfurin. Yana bayyana yuwuwar ragewar iskar iskar gas daban-daban. Naúrar ita ce kg CFC-11 eq.
• Photochemical ozone. Nau'in shine kg C₂H₂eq.
• Acidification. Yana wakiltar yuwuwar fitarwa ta hanyar auna SO₂na kowace kilogiram na fitarwa. Naúrar ita ce kg SO₂eq.
• Eutrophication. Naúrar ita ce kg PO₄eq.
• Tafsiri
• Fassara shine kashi na ƙarshe na LCA. Haɗa maƙasudi da iyawa, ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da ƙimar tasiri, za mu iya samun cikakkiyar ƙima akan samfur, da gano ma'auni don haɓaka samarwa ko fitar da rayuwa. Misali, zamu iya inganta samar da danyen abu, canza zabin danyar, inganta sarrafa samfur, canza nau'in makamashi, inganta kayan aikin sake amfani da su, da sauransu.

Kammalawa

• Akwai nau'ikan bayanai da yawa da ke cikin LCA. Ingancin da amincin bayanai za su yi tasiri sosai akan sakamako. Idan za mu iya gina dandalin gano bayanai, wanda a cikinsa za mu iya ɗaukar kaya kamar mahimman abubuwan da aka gyara da samarwa, kuma mu samar da mahimman bayanai na sake amfani da su, zai rage wahala sosai na takaddun sawun carbon.
• Don rage fitar da carbon, akwai matakan kamar haka: 1. Ƙirƙirar tsarin kayan baturi don haɓaka yawan kuzari da rayuwar zagayowar. Wannan zai rage fitar da carbon. 2. Idan aka kwatanta da baturin lithium-ion, baturin sodium-ion yana da ƙananan tasiri akan yanayi. 3. Baturi mai ƙarfi yana da ƙananan iskar carbon fiye da baturin lithium-ion yayin samarwa. 4. Kayayyakin sake yin amfani da su da sake samarwa kuma na iya inganta gurbatar yanayi da rage fitar da iskar carbon.