Fage

A shekara ta 1800, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Italiya A. Volta ya gina tari na voltaic, wanda ya bude farkon batura masu amfani kuma ya bayyana a karon farko muhimmancin electrolyte a cikin na'urorin ajiyar makamashin lantarki. Ana iya ganin electrolyte a matsayin rufin insulating ta hanyar lantarki da ion-conducting Layer a cikin nau'i na ruwa ko daskarewa, wanda aka saka a tsakanin maɗaukaki masu kyau da masu kyau. A halin yanzu, mafi ci-gaba electrolyte ana yin ta ta hanyar narkar da m lithium gishiri (misali LiPF6) a cikin mara ruwa Organic carbonate sauran ƙarfi (misali EC da DMC). Dangane da sigar tantanin halitta da ƙira, electrolyte yawanci yana ɗaukar kashi 8 zuwa 15% na nauyin tantanin halitta. Menene's more, ta flammability da mafi kyau duka zafin jiki kewayon aiki na -10°C zuwa 60°C yana hana ƙarin haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi da aminci. Don haka, ana ɗaukar sabbin ƙirar electrolyte a matsayin mabuɗin don haɓaka ƙarni na gaba na sabbin batura.

Masu bincike kuma suna aiki don haɓaka tsarin electrolyte daban-daban. Misali, yin amfani da kaushi mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya samun ingantaccen keken ƙarfe na ƙarfe na lithium, Organic ko inorganic m electrolytes waɗanda ke da fa'ida ga masana'antar abin hawa da "batura masu ƙarfi" (SSB). Babban dalili shi ne cewa idan m electrolyte ya maye gurbin ainihin ruwa electrolyte da diaphragm, aminci, daya makamashi yawa da kuma rayuwar baturi za a iya inganta sosai. Na gaba, mu yafi taƙaita ci gaban bincike na m electrolytes tare da daban-daban kayan.

Inorganic m electrolytes

An yi amfani da inorganic m electrolytes a kasuwanci electrochemical makamashi ajiya na'urorin, kamar wasu high-zazzabi batura Na-S, Na-NiCl2 baturi da farko Li-I2 baturi. Komawa cikin 2019, Hitachi Zosen (Japan) ya nuna batir mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na 140 mAh don amfani da shi a sararin samaniya kuma an gwada shi akan Tashar Sararin Samaniya ta Duniya (ISS). Wannan baturi ya ƙunshi sulfide electrolyte da sauran abubuwan batir da ba a bayyana ba, yana iya aiki tsakanin -40°C da 100°C. A cikin 2021 kamfanin yana ƙaddamar da babban ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi na 1,000 mAh. Hitachi Zosen yana ganin buƙatar batura masu ƙarfi don matsananciyar yanayi kamar sarari da kayan aikin masana'antu waɗanda ke aiki a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. Kamfanin na shirin ninka karfin batirin nan da shekara ta 2025. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, babu wani samfurin batir mai inganci da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin motocin lantarki.

Organic Semi-m da m electrolytes

A cikin nau'in ingantacciyar wutar lantarki, Bolloré na Faransa ya sami nasarar tallata wani nau'in gel-nau'in PVDF-HFP electrolyte da nau'in gel-type PEO electrolyte. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya kaddamar da shirye-shiryen raba motoci a Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Asiya don amfani da wannan fasahar batir ga motocin lantarki, amma ba a taba amfani da wannan baturi na polymer a cikin motocin fasinja ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin tallan kasuwancin su shine cewa za a iya amfani da su kawai a cikin yanayin zafi (50°C zuwa 80°C) da ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Yanzu ana amfani da waɗannan batura a cikin motocin kasuwanci, kamar wasu motocin bas na birni. Babu wasu lokuta na aiki tare da tsantsar tsantsar batir polymer electrolyte a cikin ɗaki (watau kusan 25°C).

Rukunin semisolid ya haɗa da electrolytes masu ɗanɗano sosai, kamar gaurayawan gishiri-mai narkewa, maganin electrolyte wanda ke da ƙwayar gishiri sama da daidaitaccen 1 mol/L, tare da ƙima ko maki jikewa kamar 4 mol/L. Damuwa game da gaurayawar masu amfani da makamashin lantarki shine babban abun ciki na gishiri mai kyalli, wanda kuma ke haifar da tambayoyi game da abun ciki na lithium da tasirin muhalli na irin waɗannan electrolytes. Wannan saboda tallace-tallacen samfurin balagagge yana buƙatar cikakken nazarin yanayin rayuwa. Kuma albarkatun da aka shirya don ƙera masu ƙarfi na lantarki suma suna buƙatar zama masu sauƙi kuma a sauƙaƙe don a haɗa su cikin motocin lantarki cikin sauƙi.

Hybrid electrolytes

Hybrid electrolytes, kuma aka sani da gauraye electrolytes, za a iya gyaggyarawa bisa ruwa mai ruwa / Organic sauran ƙarfi matasan electrolytes ko ta ƙara wani mara ruwa electrolyte bayani ga wani m electrolyte, la'akari da masana'anta da scalability na m electrolytes da bukatun ga stacking fasaha. Koyaya, irin waɗannan nau'ikan electrolytes har yanzu suna cikin matakin bincike kuma babu misalai na kasuwanci.

Abubuwan da aka yi la'akari don ci gaban kasuwanci na electrolytes

Mafi girman fa'idodin ƙwanƙwaran lantarki shine babban aminci da tsawon rayuwar zagayowar, amma yakamata a yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan a hankali yayin kimanta madadin ruwa ko ƙarfi mai ƙarfi:

• Tsarin masana'antu da tsarin tsarin tsarin m electrolyte. Batirin ma'aunin dakin gwaje-gwaje yawanci sun ƙunshi ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin lantarki masu kauri da yawa microns ɗari, masu rufi a gefe ɗaya na wayoyin. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba su wakilci aikin da ake buƙata don manyan ƙwayoyin cuta (10 zuwa 100Ah), kamar yadda ƙarfin 10 ~ 100Ah shine ƙananan ƙayyadaddun da ake buƙata don baturan wutar lantarki na yanzu.
• Har ila yau, m electrolyte yana maye gurbin aikin diaphragm. Kamar yadda nauyinsa da kauri sun fi girma fiye da PP/PE diaphragm, dole ne a daidaita shi don cimma nauyin nauyi.≥350Wh/kgda yawan kuzari≥900Wh/L don gujewa hana kasuwancin sa.

Baturi koyaushe haɗari ne na aminci zuwa wani mataki. M electrolytes, ko da yake yana da aminci fiye da ruwaye, ba lallai ba ne ba za a iya ƙonewa ba. Wasu polymers da inorganic electrolytes na iya amsawa da iskar oxygen ko ruwa, suna haifar da zafi da iskar gas masu guba waɗanda kuma ke haifar da haɗari da wuta da fashewa. Baya ga sel guda, robobi, harsasai da kayan fakiti na iya haifar da konewa mara ƙarfi. Don haka a ƙarshe, ana buƙatar cikakken gwajin aminci na matakin tsari.