Fage

Gwamnatin Amurka ta kafa ingantaccen tsarin shiga kasuwa don motoci.Dangane da ka'idar amana ga kamfanoni, sassan gwamnati ba sa kula da duk matakan takaddun shaida da gwaji.Mai sana'a na iya zaɓar hanyar da ta dace don gudanar da takaddun shaida kuma ya bayyana cewa ya dace da ka'idoji.Babban aikin gwamnati shi ne bayan kulawa da kuma hukunta shi.

Tsarin takaddun mota na Amurka ya haɗa da takaddun shaida masu zuwa:

• Takaddun shaida na DOT: Yanaya ƙunshilafiyar mota, ceton makamashi da hana sata.Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka/Ma'aikatar Kula da Kariya ta Babbar Hanya ta ƙasa ce ke gudanar da ita.Masu kera motoci suna bayyana ko sun cika ka'idojin Tsaron Motoci na Tarayya (FMVSS) ta hanyar duba kansu, kuma gwamnati ta aiwatar da tsarin ba da takardar shaida bayan sa ido.
• Takaddun shaida na EPA: Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana yin takaddun shaida ta EPA a ƙarƙashin ikonDokar Tsabtace Iska.Takaddun shaida na EPA kuma yana da abubuwa da yawa na tabbatar da kai.Takaddun shaida an fi nufin kare muhalli.
• Takaddun shaida na CARB: CARB (Hukumar Albarkatun Jiragen Sama na California) ita ce jiha ta farko a cikin Amurka / duniya don fitar da ƙa'idodin fitar da motoci.Shigar da wannan kasuwa yana buƙatar wasu tsauraran ƙa'idodin muhalli a duniya.Don motocin da aka shirya don fitarwa zuwa California, masana'antun dole ne su sami takardar shedar CARB daban.

DOT takardar shaida

Hukumar tabbatarwa

US DOT ita ce ke da alhakin tsara zirga-zirga a cikin ƙasar, gami da motocin hawa, sufurin ruwa da jiragen sama.NHTSA, ƙungiyar da ke ƙarƙashin DOT, ita ce ƙwararriyar ikon DOT da ke da alhakin saitawa da tilasta FMVSS.Ita ce mafi girman iko don amincin mota a cikin gwamnatin Amurka.

Takaddun shaida na DOT takardar shaida ce ta kai (tabbacin samfur ta masana'anta da kanta ko wani ɓangare na uku, sannan shigar da aikace-aikace tare da DOT).Mai sana'anta yana amfani da kowace hanyar da ta dace ta takaddun shaida, yana adana bayanan duk gwaje-gwaje yayin aikin tabbatar da kai, kuma ya liƙa tambari na dindindin akan wurin da aka keɓe motar yana mai cewa wannan abin hawa ya bi duk ƙa'idodin FMVSS masu dacewa lokacin da ta bar masana'anta.Kammala matakan da ke sama suna nuna wucewar takaddun shaida na DOT, kuma NHTSA ba za ta ba da kowane lakabi ko takaddun shaida ga abin hawa ko kayan aiki ba.

Daidaitawa

Dokokin DOT da suka shafi motoci sun kasu zuwa nau'ikan fasaha da gudanarwa.Dokokin fasaha jerin FMVSS ne, kuma dokokin gudanarwa sune jerin 49CFR50.

Don motocin lantarki, ban da saduwa da juriya na karo, gujewa karo da sauran ƙa'idodin da suka dace da motocin gargajiya, dole ne su kuma bi FMVSS 305: ambaliya ta lantarki da kariyar girgiza wutar lantarki kafin su iya haɗa alamar DOT bisa ga ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi masu dacewa.

FMVSS 305 yana ƙayyadaddun buƙatun aminci don motocin lantarki yayin da bayan haɗari.

• Iyakar aikace-aikacen: Motocin fasinja tare da ƙarfin aiki wanda bai gaza 60Vdc ko 30 Vac wutar lantarki a matsayin ƙarfin motsa jiki ba, da motocin fasinja masu amfani da yawa, manyan motoci da bas waɗanda ke da kima mai nauyi wanda bai wuce 4536 kg ba.
• Hanyar gwaji: Bayan tasirin gaba, tasirin gefe da tasirin baya na motar lantarki, ban da wani electrolyte da ke shiga cikin fasinja, batir dole ne a ajiye shi a wurin kuma kada ya shiga sashin fasinja, da bukatun lantarki na rufin. impedance dole ne ya zama mafi girma fiye da daidaitattun ƙimar.Bayan gwajin hadarin, ana yin gwajin a tsaye a 90° kowane bidi'a don tabbatar da cewa electrolyte baya zubowa cikin ɗakin fasinja a kowane kusurwar juyi.

Sashen kulawa

Sashen zartarwa na kulawar takaddun shaida na DOT shine Ofishin Kula da Amincewar Motoci (OVSC) a ƙarƙashin NHTSA, wanda zai gudanar da binciken bazuwar akan motoci da na'urori kowace shekara.Za a gudanar da gwajin yarda a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke haɗin gwiwa tare da OVSC.Takaddun shaida na masana'anta za a tabbatar da inganci ta gwaje-gwaje.

Tuna da gudanarwa

NHTSA tana ba da ƙa'idodin amincin abin hawa kuma tana buƙatar masana'anta su tuna motoci da kayan aiki tare da lahani masu alaƙa da aminci.Masu amfani za su iya amsa lahani na motocin su akan gidan yanar gizon NHTSA.NHTSA za ta bincika da kuma bincika bayanan da masu amfani suka gabatar, kuma ta tantance ko masana'anta na buƙatar fara gabatar da kararraki.

Sauran ma'auni

Baya ga takaddun shaida na DOT, tsarin kimanta lafiyar abin hawa lantarki na Amurka kuma ya haɗa da ka'idodin SAE, ƙimar UL da gwaje-gwajen haɗari na IIHS, da sauransu.

SAE

Society of Engineers Automotive (SAE), wanda aka kafa a 1905, ita ce babbar ƙungiyar ilimi ta duniya don injiniyan motoci.Abubuwan binciken sune motocin gargajiya, motocin lantarki, jiragen sama, injuna, kayan aiki da masana'antu.Ka'idodin da SAE suka haɓaka suna da iko kuma masana'antar kera motoci da sauran masana'antu suna amfani da su sosai, kuma yawancin ɓangaren su ana ɗaukar su azaman matsayin ƙasa a Amurka.SAE kawai tana ba da ƙa'idodi kuma ba ta da alhakin takaddun samfur.

Kammalawa

Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin Yarjejeniyar Nau'in Nau'in Turai, kasuwar motocin lantarki na Amurka tana da ƙananan ƙofa na shigarwa, babban haɗari na doka da kuma tsananin kulawar kasuwa.Hukumomin Amurkagudanar da kasuwasa ido a kowace shekara.Kuma idan aka sami rashin bin doka, za a yanke hukunci daidai da 49CFR 578 - HUKUNCIN FARAR KASA DA LAIFI.Ga kowane abin hawa ko aikin kayan aikin abin hawa, kowane cin zarafi da ke shafar aminci yana faruwa kuma kowace gazawa ko ƙi yin ayyukan da kowane ɗayan waɗannan sassan ke buƙata za a hukunta shi.Matsakaicin adadin hukuncin farar hula na cin zarafi shine dala miliyan 105.Ta hanyar bincike na sama game da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin tsarin ba da takaddun shaida na Amurka, muna fatan taimakawa masana'antun cikin gida don samun cikakkiyar fahimta game da tsarin sarrafa motoci da samfuran sassa a cikin Amurka, kuma don taimakawa cika ƙa'idodi da buƙatu masu dacewa, waɗanda ke da taimako. don bunkasa kasuwar Amurka.