An yi amfani da fasahar samar da wutar lantarki (UPS) da ba a katsewa a aikace-aikace daban-daban tsawon shekaru da yawa don tallafawa ci gaba da aiki na manyan lodi yayin katsewar wutar lantarki daga grid.An yi amfani da waɗannan tsarin a wurare daban-daban don samar da ƙarin rigakafi daga katsewar grid da ke yin katsalandan ga ayyukan da aka ƙayyade.Ana amfani da tsarin UPS galibi don kare kwamfutoci, wuraren kwamfuta da kayan sadarwa.Tare da haɓakar sabbin fasahohin makamashi na baya-bayan nan, tsarin adana makamashi (ESS) ya haɓaka cikin sauri.ESS, musamman masu amfani da fasahar baturi, yawanci ana ba da su ta hanyoyin da za a iya sabuntawa kamar hasken rana ko iska kuma suna ba da damar adana makamashin da waɗannan hanyoyin ke samarwa don amfani a lokuta daban-daban.

Matsayin ANSI na US na yanzu don UPS shine UL 1778, Ma'auni don Tsarukan Wutar Lantarki mara Katsewa.da CSA-C22.2 No. 107.3 don Kanada.UL 9540, Ma'auni don Tsarin Ajiye Makamashi da Kayan aiki, shine ma'aunin ƙasa na Amurka da Kanada don ESS.Duk da yake duka manyan samfuran UPS da ESS da aka samar da sauri suna da wasu abubuwan gama gari a cikin hanyoyin fasaha, ayyuka da shigarwa, akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci.Wannan takarda za ta yi bitar bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci, zayyana abubuwan da suka dace na amincin samfuran da ke da alaƙa da kowane kuma ta taƙaita yadda lambobin ke tasowa wajen magance nau'ikan shigarwa guda biyu.

GabatarwaUPS

Samuwar

Tsarin UPS tsarin lantarki ne da aka ƙera don samar da musanyawan madafan iko na wucin gadi na wucin gadi don manyan lodi a yanayin gazawar grid ɗin lantarki ko wasu hanyoyin gazawar tushen wutar lantarki.An yi girman UPS don samar da ci gaba nan take na ƙayyadaddun adadin iko na takamaiman lokaci.Wannan yana ba da damar tushen wutar lantarki na biyu, misali, janareta, don zuwa kan layi kuma ya ci gaba da ajiyar wuta.UPS na iya rufe kayan da ba su da mahimmanci a aminci yayin ci gaba da ba da wutar lantarki ga kayan aiki masu mahimmanci.Tsarin UPS sun kasance suna ba da wannan mahimmancin tallafi don aikace-aikace daban-daban shekaru da yawa.UPS za ta yi amfani da makamashin da aka adana daga haɗin tushen makamashi.Wannan yawanci bankin baturi ne, super capacitor ko motsi na injin tashi a matsayin tushen makamashi.

UPS na yau da kullun da ke amfani da bankin baturi don wadatar sa ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa masu zuwa:

Rectifier/caja - Wannan sashin UPS yana ɗaukar wadatar wutar lantarki ta AC, yana gyara shi kuma yana samar da wutar lantarki ta DC da ake amfani da ita don cajin batura.

• Inverter - A cikin yanayin rashin wadataccen kayan aiki, mai juyawa zai canza ikon DC da aka adana a cikin batura zuwa wutar lantarki mai tsabta AC wanda ya dace da kayan aiki masu goyan baya.

Canja wurin sauyawa - Na'urar sauyawa ta atomatik kuma nan take wanda ke canja wurin wuta daga tushe daban-daban, misali mains, UPS inverter da janareta, zuwa nauyi mai mahimmanci.

• Bankin baturi - Yana adana makamashin da ake buƙata don UPS don yin aikin da aka yi niyya.

Matsayi na yanzu don tsarin UPS

• Matsayin ANSI na US na yanzu don UPS shine UL 1778/C22.2 No. 107.3, Standard for Uninterruptible Power Systems, wanda ke ayyana UPS a matsayin "haɗin mahaɗa, masu sauyawa, da na'urorin ajiyar makamashi (kamar batura) waɗanda ke haɗa ƙarfi. tsarin don kiyaye ci gaba da wutar lantarki zuwa kaya idan an gaza shigar da wutar lantarki."

• Ƙarƙashin haɓakawa akwai sabbin bugu na IEC 62040-1 da IEC 62477-1.UL/CSA 62040-1 (ta amfani da UL/CSA 62477-1 azaman ma'auni) za a daidaita tare da waɗannan ƙa'idodi.

Gabatarwa makamashi ajiya tsarin (ESS)

ESSs suna samun karɓuwa a matsayin amsar adadin ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar samuwa da

amintacce a kasuwar makamashi ta yau.ESS, musamman waɗanda ke amfani da fasahar baturi, suna taimakawa wajen rage sauye-sauyen samuwar hanyoyin sabuntawa kamar hasken rana ko iska.ESS tushen ingantaccen ƙarfi ne yayin lokutan amfani mafi girma kuma yana iya taimakawa tare da sarrafa kaya, jujjuyawar wuta da sauran ayyuka masu alaƙa da grid.Ana amfani da ESS don amfani, kasuwanci, masana'antu da aikace-aikacen zama.

Matsayi na yanzu don ESS

UL 9540, Ma'auni don Tsarin Ajiye Makamashi da Kayan aiki, shine ma'aunin ƙasa na Amurka da Kanada don ESS.

• Da farko da aka buga a cikin 2016, UL 9540 ya haɗa da fasaha da yawa don ESS ciki har da tsarin adana makamashin baturi (BESS).Har ila yau UL 9540 ya ƙunshi sauran fasahar ajiya: ESS na inji, misali, ma'ajiyar tashi da aka haɗa tare da janareta, sinadarai ESS, misali, ma'ajin hydrogen da aka haɗa tare da na'urar cell cell, da thermal ESS, misali, ma'ajin zafi mai ɓoye wanda aka haɗa tare da janareta.
• UL 9540, bugu na biyu ya bayyana tsarin ajiyar makamashi a matsayin "Kayan aiki da ke karɓar makamashi sannan kuma ya ba da hanyar adana wannan makamashi ta wani nau'i don amfani da shi daga baya don samar da makamashin lantarki lokacin da ake bukata."Buga na biyu na UL 9540 yana ƙara buƙatar BESS a ƙarƙashin UL 9540A, Hanyar Gwajin Daidaitawa don kimanta Yaɗuwar Wuta ta thermal Runaway a Tsarukan Adana Makamashi na Baturi, idan an buƙata don saduwa da keɓancewa a cikin lambobin.
• UL 9540 a halin yanzu yana cikin bugu na uku.

Kwatanta ESS da UPS

Ayyuka da girma

ESS yana kama da ginin zuwa UPS amma ya bambanta da amfaninsa.Kamar UPS, ESS ya haɗa da tsarin ajiyar makamashi kamar batura, kayan canza wuta, misali, inverters, da sauran kayan lantarki da sarrafawa iri-iri.Ba kamar UPS ba, duk da haka, ESS na iya aiki a layi daya tare da grid, wanda ke haifar da babban hawan keke na tsarin fiye da yadda UPS zai taɓa dandana.ESS na iya yin haɗin gwiwa tare da grid ko a cikin keɓantaccen yanayi, ko duka biyun, ya danganta da nau'in tsarin jujjuya wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi.ESS na iya yin aiki azaman aikin UPS.Kamar UPS, ESS na iya zuwa cikin nau'i-nau'i iri-iri daga ƙaramin tsarin zama wanda bai wuce 20 kWh na makamashi ba zuwa aikace-aikacen amfani ta amfani da tsarin kwantena mai yawan megawatt mai ƙarfi tare da ɗakunan baturi da yawa a cikin akwati.

Abubuwan sinadaran da aminci

Abubuwan sinadarai na baturi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin UPS koyaushe sun kasance baturan gubar-acid ko nickel-cadmium.Ba kamar UPS ba, BESS tana amfani da fasahohi irin su baturan lithium-ion tun daga farko saboda batirin lithium-ion suna da mafi kyawun aikin zagayowar da ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari, wanda zai iya samar da ƙarin kuzari a cikin ƙaramin sawun jiki.Hakanan baturan lithium-ion suna da ƙarancin bukatun kulawa fiye da fasahar baturi na gargajiya.Amma a halin yanzu, batir lithium-ion kuma ana ƙara amfani da su a aikace-aikacen UPS.

Koyaya, wani mummunan haɗari a Arizona a cikin 2019 wanda ya haɗa da ESS da aka yi amfani da shi a aikace-aikacen amfani ya haifar da munanan raunuka ga masu amsawa na farko da yawa kuma ya jawo hankalin masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban, gami da masu gudanarwa da hukumomin inshora.Don tabbatar da cewa wannan filin girma bai hana shi ta hanyar abubuwan tsaro da za a iya gujewa ba, ana buƙatar haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ƙa'idodi masu dacewa don ESS.Don ƙarfafa haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aminci da ƙa'idodi don ESS, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (DOE) ta ƙaddamar da taron farko na shekara-shekara kan Tsaro da Amincewar ESS a cikin 2015.

Dandalin DOE ESS na farko ya ba da gudummawa ga babban adadin aiki akan ƙayyadaddun ESS da ka'idoji.Babban abin lura shine ci gaban NEC No. 706 da haɓaka NFPA 855, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin tsarin tsarin ajiyar makamashi na tsaye, wanda ke shafar daidaitattun tsarin batir a cikin ICC IFC da NFPA 1. A yau, NEC da NFPA 855 suna da. Hakanan an sabunta shi don nau'ikan 2023.

Halin halin yanzu na ma'aunin ESS da UPS

Manufar duk ka'idoji da ayyukan ci gaba shine a magance isasshen tsaro na waɗannan tsarin.Abin baƙin ciki, ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi na yanzu sun haifar da rudani a cikin masana'antar.

1.NFPA 855. Mabuɗin daftarin aiki da ke shafar shigarwa na BESS da UPS shine nau'in 2020 na NFPA 855, Standard don Shigar da Tsarin Ajiye Makamashi.NFPA 855 ta bayyana ajiyar makamashi azaman "taron na'urori ɗaya ko fiye waɗanda ke da ikon adana makamashi don wadatar da wutar lantarki na gida, grids, ko goyan bayan grid."Wannan ma'anar ya haɗa da aikace-aikacen UPS da ESS.Bugu da ƙari, NFPA 855 da lambobin wuta suna buƙatar ESSs da za a kimanta su da kuma tabbatar da su zuwa UL 9540. Duk da haka, UL 1778 ya kasance ma'auni na aminci na kayan gargajiya na UPS.An kimanta tsarin da kansa don biyan buƙatun aminci masu dacewa kuma yana goyan bayan shigarwa mai aminci.Saboda haka, abin da ake buƙata na UL 9540 ya haifar da rikicewa a cikin masana'antar.

2. UL 9540A.UL 9540A yana buƙatar farawa daga matakin baturi da gwaji mataki-mataki har sai an wuce matakin shigarwa.Waɗannan buƙatun suna haifar da tsarin UPS yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin talla waɗanda ba a buƙata a baya.

3.UL 1973. UL 1973 shine ma'aunin amincin tsarin baturi don ESS da UPS.Koyaya, sigar UL 1973-2018 ba ta haɗa da tanadin gwaji don batirin gubar-acid ba, wanda kuma ƙalubale ne ga tsarin UPS ta amfani da fasahar baturi na gargajiya kamar batirin gubar-acid.

Takaitawa

A halin yanzu, duka NEC (National Electric Code) da NFPA 855 suna fayyace waɗannan ma'anoni.

• Misali, sigar 2023 na NFPA 855 ta fayyace cewa takamaiman baturin gubar-acid da nickel-cadmium (600 V ko ƙasa da haka) an jera su a cikin UL 1973.
• Bugu da kari, tsarin batirin gubar-acid da aka ba da izini kuma aka yi masa alama bisa ga UL 1778 ba sa buƙatar a ba da takaddun shaida bisa ga UL 9540 lokacin amfani da shi azaman samar da wutar lantarki.

Don magance matsalar rashin ƙa'idodin gwajin gubar-acid da batir nickel-cadmium a cikin UL 1973, Karin bayani H (Yi la'akari da hanyoyin da za a iya sarrafa bawul-kayyade ko fitar da gubar-acid ko nickel-cadmium batir) an ƙara musamman a cikin bugu na uku na UL 1973 wanda aka saki a watan Fabrairu 2022.

Waɗannan canje-canje suna wakiltar ingantaccen ci gaba don bambance amintattun buƙatun shigarwa na UPS da ESS.Ƙarin aikin ya haɗa da sabunta NEC Mataki na 480 don inganta buƙatun shigarwa don fasahar ban da gubar-acid da nickel-cadmium.Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar ƙarin sabunta ma'aunin NFPA 855 don samar da ƙarin haske kan ƙa'idodin kariyar wuta, musamman game da fasahohin daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su a aikace-aikacen tsaye, ko UPS ne ko ESS.

Marubucin yana fatan ci gaba da canje-canje zai inganta amincin masana'antar, ko da kuwa ana amfani da UPS ko ESS na gargajiya.Yayin da muke ganin hanyoyin ajiyar makamashi suna yaɗuwa ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci da sauri, magance amincin samfuran yana da mahimmanci don buɗe ƙirƙira aminci da biyan bukatun al'umma.